汉尼拔演讲［拉丁/英文/中文对照］

Cum sic aliquot spectatis paribus adfectos dimisisset, contione inde aduocata ita apud eos locutus fertur. "Si, quem animum in alienae sortis exemplo paulo ante habuistis, eundem mox in aestimanda fortuna uestra habueritis, uicimus, milites; neque enim spectaculum modo illud sed quaedam ueluti imago uestrae condicionis erat. Ac nescio an maiora uincula maioresque necessitates uobis quam captiuis uestris fortuna circumdederit. Dextra laeuaque duo maria claudunt nullam ne ad effugium quidem nauem habentes; circa Padus amnis, maior [Padus] ac uiolentior Rhodano, ab tergo Alpes urgent, uix integris uobis ac uigentibus transitae. Hic uincendum aut moriendum, milites, est, ubi primum hosti occurristis. Et eadem fortuna, quae necessitatem pugnandi imposuit, praemia uobis ea uictoribus proponit quibus ampliora homines ne ab dis quidem immortalibus optare solent. Si Siciliam tantum ac Sardiniam parentibus nostris ereptas nostra uirtute reciperaturi essemus, satis tamen ampla pretia essent: quidquid Romani tot triumphis partum congestumque possident, id omne uestrum cum ipsis dominis futurum est; in hanc tam opimam mercedem, agite dum, dis bene iuuantibus arma capite. Satis adhuc in uastis Lusitaniae Celtiberiaeque montibus pecora consectando nullum emolumentum tot laborum periculorumque uestrorum uidistis; tempus est iam opulenta uos ac ditia stipendia facere et magna operae pretia mereri, tantum itineris per tot montes fluminaque et tot armatas gentes emensos. Hic uobis terminum laborum fortuna dedit; hic dignam mercedem emeritis stipendiis dabit. Nec, quam magni nominis bellum est, tam difficilem existimaritis uictoriam fore; saepe et contemptus hostis cruentum certamen edidit et incliti populi regesque perleui momento uicti sunt. Nam dempto hoc uno fulgore nominis Romani, quid est cur illi uobis comparandi sint? Vt uiginti annorum militiam uestram cum illa uirtute, cum illa fortuna taceam, ab Herculis columnis, ab Oceano terminisque ultimis terrarum per tot ferocissimos Hispaniae et Galliae populos uincentes huc peruenistis; pugnabitis cum exercitu tirone, hac ipsa aestate caeso, uicto, circumsesso a Gallis, ignoto adhuc duci suo ignorantique ducem. An me in praetorio patris, clarissimi imperatoris, prope natum, certe eductum, domitorem Hispaniae Galliaeque, uictorem eundem non Alpinarum modo gentium sed ipsarum, quod multo maius est, Alpium, cum semenstri hoc conferam duce, desertore exercitus sui? Cui si quis demptis signis Poenos Romanosque hodie ostendat, ignoraturum certum habeo utrius exercitus sit consul. Non ego illud parui aestimo, milites, quod nemo est uestrum cuius non ante oculos ipse saepe militare aliquod ediderim facinus, cui non idem ego uirtutis spectator ac testis notata temporibus locisque referre sua possim decora. Cum laudatis a me miliens donatisque, alumnus prius omnium uestrum quam imperator, procedam in aciem aduersus ignotos inter se ignorantesque.

Quocumque circumtuli oculos, plena omnia uideo animorum ac roboris, ueteranum peditem, generosissimarum gentium equites frenatos infrenatosque, uos socios fidelissimos fortissimosque, uos, Carthaginienses, cum ob patriam, tum ob iram iustissimam pugnaturos. Inferimus bellum infestisque signis descendimus in Italiam, tanto audacius fortiusque pugnaturi quam hostis, quanto maior spes, maior est animus inferentis uim quam arcentis. Accendit praeterea et stimulat animos dolor, iniuria, indignitas. Ad supplicium depoposcerunt me ducem primum, deinde uos omnes qui Saguntum oppugnassetis; deditos ultimis cruciatibus adfecturi fuerunt. Crudelissima ac superbissima gens sua omnia suique arbitrii facit; cum quibus bellum, cum quibus pacem habeamus, se modum imponere aequum censet. Circumscribit includitque nos terminis montium fluminumque, quos non excedamus, neque eos, quos statuit, terminos obseruat: "Ne transieris Hiberum; ne quid rei tibi sit cum Saguntinis." Ad Hiberum est Saguntum? "Nusquam te uestigio moueris." Parum est quod ueterrimas prouincias meas, Siciliam ac Sardiniam, [ademisti?] Adimis etiam Hispanias et, si inde cessero, in Africam transcendes.[Transcendes] dico? Duos consules huius anni, unum in Africam, alterum in Hispaniam miserunt. Nihil usquam nobis relictum est nisi quod armis uindicarimus. Illis timidis et ignauis esse licet, qui respectum habent, quos sua terra, suus ager per tuta ac pacata itinera fugientes accipient: uobis necesse est fortibus uiris esse et, omnibus inter uictoriam mortemue certa desperatione abruptis, aut uincere aut, si fortuna dubitabit, in proelio potius quam in fuga mortem oppetere. Si hoc [bene fixum] omnibus destinatum in animo est, iterum dicam, uicistis; nullum contemptu m[ortis incitamentum] ad uincendum homini ab dis immortalibus acrius datum est."




“Soldiers, you have seen in the fate of others an example how to conquer or to die. If the feelings with which you watched them lead you to form a similar estimate of your own fortunes we are victors. That was no idle spectacle but a picture, as it were, of your own condition. Fortune, I am inclined to think has bound you in heavier chains and imposed upon you a sterner necessity than on your captives. You are shut in on the right hand and on the left by two seas, and you have not a single ship in which to make your escape; around you flows the Po, a greater river than the Rhone and a more rapid one; the barrier of the Alps frowns upon you behind, those Alps which you could hardly cross when your strength and vigour were unimpaired. Here, soldiers, on this spot where you have for the first time encountered the enemy you must either conquer or die. The same Fortune which has imposed upon you the necessity of fighting also holds out rewards of victory, rewards as great as any which men are wont to solicit from the immortal gods. Even if we were only going to recover Sicily and Sardinia, possessions which were wrested from our fathers, they would be prizes ample enough to satisfy us. Everything that the Romans now possess, which they have won through so many triumphs, all that they have amassed, will become yours, together with those who own it. Come then, seize your arms and with the help of heaven win this splendid reward. You have spent time enough in hunting cattle on the barren mountains of Lusitania and Celtiberia, and finding no recompense for all your toils and dangers; now the hour has come for you to enter upon rich and lucrative campaigns and to earn rewards which are worth the earning, after your long march over all those mountains and rivers, and through all those nations in arms. Here Fortune has vouchsafed an end to your toils, here she will vouchsafe a reward worthy of all your past services.

"Do not think because the war, being against Rome, bears a great name, that therefore victory will be correspondingly difficult. Many a despised enemy has fought a long and costly fight; nations and kings of high renown have been beaten with a very slight effort. For, setting aside the glory which surrounds the name of Rome, what point is there in which they can be compared to you? To say nothing of your twenty years' campaigning earned on with all your courage, all your good fortune, from the pillars of Hercules, from the shores of the ocean, from the furthest corners of the earth, through the midst of all the most warlike peoples of Spain and Gaul, you have arrived here as victors. The army with which you will fight is made up of raw levies who were beaten, conquered, and hemmed in by the Gauls this very summer, who are strangers to their general, and he a stranger to them. I, reared as I was, almost born, in the headquarters tent of my father, a most distinguished general, I, who have subjugated Spain and Gaul, who have conquered not only the Alpine tribes, but, what is a much greater task, the Alps themselves - am I to compare myself with this six months' general who has deserted his own army, who, if any one were to point out to him the Romans and the Carthaginians after their standards were removed, would, I am quite certain, not know which army he was in command of as consul? I do not count it a small matter, soldiers, that there is not a man amongst you before whose eyes I have not done many a soldierly deed, or to whom I, who have witnessed and attested his courage, could not recount his own gallant exploits and the time and place where they were performed. I was your pupil before I was your commander, and I shall go into battle surrounded by men whom I have commended and rewarded thousands of times against those who know nothing of each other, who are mutual strangers.

"Wherever I turn my eyes I see nothing but courage and strength, a veteran infantry, a cavalry, regular and irregular alike, drawn from the noblest tribes, you, our most faithful and brave allies, you, Carthaginians, who are going to fight for your country, inspired by a most righteous indignation. We are taking the aggressive, we are descending in hostile array into Italy, prepared to fight more bravely and more fearlessly than our foe because he who attacks is animated by stronger hopes and greater courage than he who meets the attack. Besides, we are smarting from a sense of injustice and humiliation. First they demanded me, your general, as their victim, then they insisted that all of you who had taken part in the siege of Saguntum should be surrendered; had you been given up they would have inflicted upon you the most exquisite tortures. That outrageously cruel and tyrannical nation claims everything for itself, makes everything dependent on its will and pleasure; they think it right to dictate with whom we are to make war or peace. They confine and enclose us within mountains and rivers as boundaries, but they do not observe the limits which they themselves have fixed. 'Do not cross the Ebro, see that you have nothing to do with the Saguntines.' 'But Saguntum is not on the Ebro.' 'You must not move a step anywhere.' 'Is it a small matter, your taking from me my oldest provinces, Sicily and Sardinia? Will you cross over into Spain as well, and if I withdraw from there, will you cross over into Africa? Do I say, will cross over? You have crossed over.' They have sent the two consuls for this year, one to Africa, the other to Spain. There is nothing left to us anywhere except what we claim by force of arms. Those may be allowed to be cowards and dastards who have something to fall back upon, whom their own land, their own territory will receive as they flee through its safe and peaceful roads; you must of necessity be brave men, every alternative between victory and death has been broken off by the resolve of despair, and you are compelled either to conquer, or if Fortune wavers, to meet death in battle rather than in flight. If you have all made up your minds to this, I say again you are victors, no keener weapon has been put into men's hands by the immortal gods than a contempt for death."


士兵们：

你们在考虑自己的命运时，如果能记住前不久在看到被我们征服的人溃败时的心情，那就好了；因为那不仅是一种壮观的场面，还可以说是你们的处境的某种写照。我不知道命运是否已给你们戴上了更沉重的锁链，使你们处于更紧迫的形势。你们在左面和右面都被大海封锁着，可用于逃遁的船只连一艘都没有。环绕着你们的是波河，它比罗讷河更宽，水流更急；后面包围着你们的则有阿尔卑斯山，那是你们在未经战斗消耗、精力充沛时，历经艰辛才翻越过来的。

士兵们，你们已在这里同敌人初次交锋，你们必须战胜，否则便是死亡；命运使你们不得不投身战斗，它现在又站在你们面前。如果你们战胜，你们就能得到即使从永生众神那儿都不敢指望得到的最大报酬。我们只要依靠勇敢去收复敌人从我们先辈手里强夺去的西西里和萨迪尼亚，我们就会得到足够的补偿；罗马人通过多次胜利的战斗所取得和积聚起来的财富，连同这些财富的主人，都将属于你们。在众神的庇护下，赶快拿起武器去赢得这笔丰厚的报酬吧。

你们在荒凉的卢西塔尼亚和塞尔蒂韦里亚群山中追逐敌人为时已久，历经如许艰辛危难却一无所获；你们跋山涉水，转战数国，长途劳顿，现在是打响夺取丰富收获的战役，为你们的劳苦求得巨大报酬的时候了。这里的命运允许你们结束辛苦的努力，这里她将赐予与你们的贡献相称的报酬。你们不要按照这场战争表面上的巨大规模，而担心难于取胜。敌对双方受藐视的一方往往坚持浴血抗争，而一些著名的国家和国王却常被人并不费力地征服。

因为，撇开罗马徒有其表的显赫名声，它还有什么可与你们相比的？默默地回顾你们２０年来以勇敢和成功而著称的战绩吧，你们从赫拉克勒斯支柱①，从大洋和世界最遥远的角落来到这里，一路上征服了高卢和西班牙的许多最凶悍的民族；如今你们将同一支缺乏经验的军队作战，它就在今年夏天曾被高卢人击败、征服和包围过，至今它的统帅还不熟悉他的军队，而军队也不知道它的统帅。要把我同他作一比较吗？我的父亲是最杰出的指挥官，我在他营帐中出生、长大，我荡平了西班牙和高卢，我不仅征服了阿尔卑斯山诸国，还征服了阿尔卑斯山本身；而那个就任仅６个月的统帅是他的军队里的逃兵。如果把迦太基人和罗马人的军旗拿掉，我敢肯定他不知道自己是哪一支军队的指挥官。

你们中每一个人都看到了我的累累战功，同样地，我作为你们英雄气概的目击者，能列举每一个勇敢人作战的具体时间和地点。士兵们，我认为这一点很重要。我在成为你们的指挥官以前是你们大家的学生，我将率领曾千百次地受过我表彰和犒赏的士兵，阵容威武地阔步迎击那支官兵互不熟悉的军队。

不论我把眼光转向何处，我看到的都是斗志旺盛、精神饱满的士兵，一支由各个最英勇的民族组成的久经战阵的步兵和骑兵；——你们，我们最可靠、最勇敢的盟军，你们，迦太基人，即将为你们的国家并出于最正义的忿恨而出征。我们是战争中的攻击者，高举仇恨的旗帜进入意大利，将以远远超出敌方的胆量和勇气发起进攻，因为攻击者的信心和骁勇总是大于防卫者。此外，我们所受的痛苦、损伤和侮辱燃烧着我们的心：它们首先要求我、你们的领袖，其次要求曾围攻过萨贡塔姆的你们大家去惩罚敌人；如果我们畏缩怯战，它们将使我们受到最严厉的折磨。

那个最为残暴、狂妄的民族认为，一切都应归它所有，听它摆布；应当由它决定我们同谁交战、同谁媾和；它划定界限，以我们不得逾越的山脉河流把我们封锁起来，而它却不遵守自己规定的界限。它还说，不得越过伊比利亚半岛，不得干预萨贡廷人；萨贡塔姆在伊比利亚半岛，你们不得朝任何方向跨出一步！拿走我们最古老的省份——西西里和萨迪尼亚是件小事吗？你们还要拿走西班牙吗？让我从那里撤走，以便你们横渡大海进入阿非利加吗？

我说他们要横渡大海，是不是？他们已经派出本年度的两位执政官，一个派往阿非利加，一个派往西班牙。除了我们用武器保住的地方外，他们什么地方都没有给我们留下。有后路的人可能成为懦夫，他们可以通过安全的道路逃跑，回到自己的国土家园请求收容。但你们必须勇敢无畏。你们在胜利和覆灭之间绝无回旋余地，或者战胜，或者死亡。如果命运未卜，与其死于逃亡，毋宁死于沙场 。如果这就是你们大家确实不变的决心，我再说一遍，你们就已经战胜了；这是永生的众神在人们夺取胜利时所赐予的最有力的鼓励。

注释：

①指直布罗陀海峡东口南北二岬。