求印尼语资料

http://bama.ua.edu/~clc/indonesian/indonesian_alphabet.html

是一个学习网站 但是不知道现在还好不好使了…… 有更好的再告诉你

版块里的资料可以先看看~

甘蔗大人 那个学印尼语的网站好像连不上了……

是的
不过我们这里的资料基本上都有了
我转了资料过来
挺可惜的

刚找到的 英语的 没翻译 可以吗？

希望比较准确吧…… 虽然是靠其他语言对比说明的


Indonesian is supposed to be an easy language to spell and to pronounce.When you begin studying Indonesian history, the truth is a little morecomplicated.

The Indonesian language of today is a standardized form ofMalay, which has been used as a common language through the area formany centuries. Most of the other languages of Indonesia, such asJavanese, Sundanese, Acehnese etc. are in the same language family asMalay. All these languages use mostly the same set of sounds, but they have all borrowed words from outside languages as well.When you dig back into history, you find that Indonesian has takenwords from Sanskrit during the early eras, from Arabic when Islam arrived,and from European languages in more recent years.

The languages of Indonesia have used many writing systems over the yearsas well. Alphabets from the south of India, very similar to the alphabets used in Thailand or Cambodia today, were used for many centuries to write the native languages of Indonesia. Thehuruf jawa are still used inCentral Java for traditional and ceremonial purposes. When Islam arrived in Indonesia, much scholarship was done in theArabic language, and speakers of Malay and other languages began towrite their native words using Arabic script. The alphabet had to beexpanded to include sounds such as "p" which do not occur inclassical Arabic, but since such letters had already been inventedin Iran and India, this was not a problem. Use of the Arabic alphabetfor Malay and Indonesian languages continued well into the colonialperiod. Arabic script used to write Malay or Indonesian is sometimescalled "Jawi" script.

During the period of Dutch colonialism, Indonesian languages beganto be written in the Roman alphabet. However, Indonesian names wouldbe written using Dutch spelling, which can look unusual to anyone whodoes not speak Dutch.

The Indonesian language as we know it today was standardized in the1930s, as part of the movement for independence. It was (and is) asource of national unity and pride. Today's spelling is simplifiedand easy to learn. But after so many centuries of different alphabets,borrowed words, and spelling rules, you still run into some strangenesses.What follows here is a letter-by-letter summary of how you should dealwith each member of the alphabet when you are studying history inIndonesian. (This is primarily for speakers of English, by the way.)


A
A is pronounced like the a in father (or the a in Spanish, Italian,German, and most languages).
However, in Javanese, an a at the end of a word, or evenin the middle, is pronounced as an o. In the old huruf jawa alphabet,this was spelled with the character for a. Today it is usually--but notalways!--spelled with an o as it is pronounced. You usually seeDiponegoro, but you might also see Dipanegara, which matches the old Javanese spelling. When you say it, use o, not a.
Sometimes you will see two a's together: aa, as in kebangsaan. There is a quick glottal stop between the two a's,as in when we say uh-oh in English.
The combination ai sounds like English "eye", and thecombination au sounds like the ow in English "cow".

B
B is pronounced as a regular b. You will see bh in wordslike bhakti that are borrowed from Sanskrit--you can pronouncethis as a regular b as well.

C
C is pronounced as English ch in chop. In older Dutch spelling,this was spelled tj, for example Tjokroaminoto. In wordsthat are still "foreign", you should pronounce this as a k, ofcourse ("Coca-Cola" is the same as anywhere).
Ch is the Dutch spelling for the sound in Dutch and German "acht"or Scots English "loch". This sound is found in Arabic loan words.In the modern spelling, this sound is spelled kh.

D
D is usually pronounced as a regular English d.
Dh might show up in borrowed words from either Sanskrit orArabic. If the word is from Sanskrit, such as dharma, youcan just pronounce it as a regular d. If the word is from Arabic,such as Ramadhan, you can generally use a regular d here as well,although if you know how to make the sound of Arabic "dad" you willsound very scholarly. The Arabic sound is called a pharyngeal d, andit is made with the throat tightened. It might change a followinga to an o. But note also:
Dz is used to represent the Arabic letter "dhal", comparableto the sound of English th in "the".
(If you know both Sanskrit and Arabic, you will have no troubleat all!)
Dj is the older, Dutch-style spelling for j. Pronounceit as a regular English j.

E
E is pronounced like either e in "cafe latte"; in other words,like the e of French or Italian. Like both French and Italian, thereis a "close" e and an "open" e--and like Italian, this difference does not show up in writing. Don't worry too much about it, althoughin some books you might see an é once in a while.
You may see an eu in some areas: this is a Dutch-style spelling for the sound of German ö.

F
F is pronounced as a regular f. The f sound is not native toIndonesian, but occurs in borrowed words from Arabic or European languages.

G
G is pronounced as a regular g. The combination ng is alwayspronounced like English ng in singer, even at the beginning of a word.
Gh is found in Arabic loan words. You can try pronouncing itlike a g that doesn't stop, or as a voiced kh, but if youpronounce it as a regular g, nobody will complain.

H
H by itself is a regular h as in English, although it canoccur at the end of a word as well.
In Arabic loan-words where the original sound is a pharyngeal h,you might see a following a turn to an o from beingpulled farther back in the mouth.
Likewise, other pharyngeal sounds from Arabic are shown with an h:see also dh, sh and th.
An h between two vowels can almost disappear, as inMajapahit. But if the two vowels are the same, the hshould be pronounced, as in mohon.

I
I is pronounced like the i in pizza--or like i in Spanish and Italian.
Ie is an older, Dutch-style spelling, pronounced the same way.

J
J is pronounced like a regular English j. However, in the oldDutch spelling, j was pronounced like an English y. See also dj, sj and tj.

K
K is pronounced like a regular English k. At the end of a word,the sound disappears, and is replaced by a glottal stop, just as ifthe last vowel was cut short suddenly, as in bapak or masuk.
Often k is used in Arabic loan words that have the Arabicletter "qaf" in the original, such as kiblat. This soundis further back in the throat than a regular k, and may change a following a to an o. Likewise, you will even see ak pressed into service to represent an Arabic "ayn", asin the word dakwah.
Kh is the modern spelling for the sound in Dutch and German "acht"or Scots English "loch". This sound is found in Arabic loan words.In the old Dutch spelling, this was spelled ch.

L
L is pronounced like a regular English l.
(In Aceh you see the spelling lh. I think this is pronouncedlike Welsh "ll", an unvoiced l.)

M
M is pronounced like a regular English m.


N
N is pronounced like a regular English n.
Ng is pronounced like in the English word singer--one sound,not two. It is pronounced this way even at the beginning of a word.
Ny is pronounced like Spanish ñ in año--one sound,not two. It is pronounced this way even at the beginning of a word.

O
O is pronounced like English o in "no", or even better, likeSpanish o in "no".
Oe is the older Dutch-style spelling for the sound now written with the a u, the sound of oo in English "soon".
See also a above.

P
P is pronounced like a regular English p, although not as breathy.


Q
Q shows up in borrowed words from Arabic, or from Europeanlanguages. Pronounce it as a k if you like. The correct Arabicsound ("qaf") is further back in the throat, and may pull an aback to an o.

R
R is a Spanish-style trilled r (but not too trilled).


S
S is pronounced like a regular English s (and never like z).
Sh is found in borrowed words from Arabic. This is a pharyngeal s, pronounced with the muscles tightened in theback of the throat. It may change a following a to an o.
Sy is how Indonesian spells the sound of English sh. In the olderDutch-style spelling this was sj. This sound only happens in borrowed words.

T
T by itself is like English t, but less breathy.
Th is found in borrowed words. In Arabic words, this is apharyngeal t, pronounced with the muscles of the throat tightened.This sound may change a following a to an o.In words from India or Europe, however, th might be thesame as English th in "thin". In any case, you may hear thpronounced as a simple t.
Tj is the older Dutch-style spelling of the sound of Englishch. This is now spelled with a c.
Ts is occasionally used to represent the Arabic letter "tha",pronounced like English th in "thin".

U
U is the same as Spanish u, or English oo in "soon".


V
V is pronounced like a regular English v. It does not occurin native Indonesian, nor in words borrowed from Arabic. Almost allwords with v are borrowed from Europe, some from India.

W
W is pronounced like English w.


X
X is pronounced like English x, or at the beginning of a wordlike English s. It only occurs in borrowed words, usually from Europe.

Y
Y is pronounced like English y. See also the combinations ny and sy.
The notable exception! The famous city of Yogyakarta is pronounceddifferently. Each y in Yogya is pronounced like English j in"John".

Z
Z is pronounced like English z. It is found in borrowed words,mostly from Arabic, but also from Europe.
Zh is used to represent the Arabic letter "za", a pharyngealz pronounced with the muscles of the throat tightened.It may change a following a to an o.
Now, let's compare some old spellings with some new ones:

Old Style	New Style
Atjeh	Aceh
Bandoeng	Bandung
Tjirebon	Cirebon
Djakarta	Jakarta
Koepang	Kupang
Soekarno	Sukarno
Tjokroaminoto	Cokroaminoto

偶然进入这个版块，看到了相关帖子，也就顺便说一下吧：尽管不太好找，但最好的印尼语资料是有的的，你不妨留个联系方式，这样也好帮助你，呵呵……

WAH........ hongwei 好強.......
看來.......我可以放心在大學專心讀書........

是要专心读书,但也不能忘了我们呀,呵呵

哎呀 凑巧找到而已啦~ 没什么大不了的 呵呵

我也是门外汉呀 真正的大师还是咱们yeep88嘛~~

哈哈馬來文對我來說.....不是專門也....
其實還有很多方面要向馬來同胞學習的呢

呵呵 其实你在那里 身边就是标准啊~~



版主:"我人在馬來西亞"

[ 本帖最后由 yeep88 于 2008-8-11 17:30 编辑 ]

很好的资料，但是有些链接已经打不开了。
感谢楼主的贡献！

連接開不來?....可以把那些連接說說看?...
照原理是因該可以開的..沒有日期限制