迪维希语(ދިވެހި)简介

来发一个迪维希语(ދިވެހި)的介绍材料 书写和阿拉伯语有些联系的呢~  蛮有意思的 呵呵

迪维希语(ދިވެހި)使用的它拿字母（拉丁名：Tāna，迪维希语名： ތާނަ）
它拿字母
[table][tr][td]字母[/td][td]计算机统一码
[/td][td]名称[/td][td]拉丁字母转写[/td][td]发音（国际音标）[/td][/tr][tr][td]ހ[/td][td]ހ[/td][td]HAA[/td][td]h[/td][td][h][/td][/tr][tr][td]ށ[/td][td]ށ[/td][td]SHAVIYANI[/td][td]sh[/td][td][ʂ][/td][/tr][tr][td]ނ[/td][td]ނ[/td][td]NOONU[/td][td]n[/td][td][n̪][/td][/tr][tr][td]ރ[/td][td]ރ[/td][td]RAA[/td][td]r[/td][td][ɾ̪][/td][/tr][tr][td]ބ[/td][td]ބ[/td][td]BAA[/td][td]b[/td][td][/td][/tr][tr][td]ޅ[/td][td]ޅ[/td][td]LHAVIYANI[/td][td]lh[/td][td][ɭ][/td][/tr][tr][td]ކ[/td][td]ކ[/td][td]KAAFU[/td][td]k[/td][td][k][/td][/tr][tr][td]އ[/td][td]އ[/td][td]ALIFU[/td][td]
[/td][td]Ø[/td][/tr][tr][td]ވ[/td][td]ވ[/td][td]VAAVU[/td][td]v[/td][td][ʋ][/td][/tr][tr][td]މ[/td][td]މ[/td][td]MEEMU[/td][td]m[/td][td][m][/td][/tr][tr][td]ފ[/td][td]ފ[/td][td]FAAFU[/td][td]f[/td][td][f][/td][/tr][tr][td]ދ[/td][td]ދ[/td][td]DHAALU[/td][td]dh[/td][td][d̪][/td][/tr][tr][td]ތ[/td][td]ތ[/td][td]THAA[/td][td]th[/td][td][t̪][/td][/tr][tr][td]ލ[/td][td]ލ[/td][td]LAAMU[/td][td]l[/td][td][l][/td][/tr][tr][td]ގ[/td][td]ގ[/td][td]GAAFU[/td][td]g[/td][td][ɰ][/td][/tr][tr][td]ޏ[/td][td]ޏ[/td][td]GNAVIYANI[/td][td]gn[/td][td][ɲ][/td][/tr][tr][td]ސ[/td][td]ސ[/td][td]SEENU[/td][td]s[/td][td][θ̟][/td][/tr][tr][td]ޑ[/td][td]ޑ[/td][td]DAVIYANI[/td][td]d[/td][td][ɖ][/td][/tr][tr][td]ޒ[/td][td]ޒ[/td][td]ZAVIYANI[/td][td]z[/td][td][ð̟][/td][/tr][tr][td]ޓ[/td][td]ޓ[/td][td]TAVIYANI[/td][td]t[/td][td][ʈ][/td][/tr][tr][td]ޔ[/td][td]ޔ[/td][td]YAA[/td][td]y[/td][td][j][/td][/tr][tr][td]ޕ[/td][td]ޕ[/td][td]PAVIYANI[/td][td]p[/td][td][p][/td][/tr][tr][td]ޖ[/td][td]ޖ[/td][td]JAVIYANI[/td][td]j[/td][td][ɟ][/td][/tr][tr][td]ޗ[/td][td]ޗ[/td][td]CHAVIYANI[/td][td]ch[/td][td][c][/td][/tr][tr][td]ޘ[/td][td]ޘ[/td][td]TTAA[/td][td=2,4]用于转写阿拉伯语词汇[/td][/tr][tr][td]ޙ[/td][td]ޙ[/td][td]HHAA[/td][/tr][tr][td]ޚ[/td][td]ޚ[/td][td]KHAA[/td][/tr][tr][td]ޛ[/td][td]ޛ[/td][td]THAALU[/td][/tr][tr][td]ޜ[/td][td]ޜ[/td][td]ZAA[/td][td]用于转写英语[ʒ][/td][/tr][tr][td]ޝ[/td][td]ޝ[/td][td]SHEENU[/td][td]用于转写阿拉伯语词汇[/td][/tr][tr][td]ޞ[/td][td]ޞ[/td][td]SAADHU[/td][/tr][tr][td]ޟ[/td][td]ޟ[/td][td]DAADHU[/td][/tr][tr][td]ޠ[/td][td]ޠ[/td][td]TO[/td][/tr][tr][td]ޡ[/td][td]ޡ[/td][td]ZO[/td][/tr][tr][td]ޢ[/td][td]ޢ[/td][td]AINU[/td][/tr][tr][td]ޣ[/td][td]ޣ[/td][td]GHAINU[/td][/tr][tr][td]ޤ[/td][td]ޤ[/td][td]QAAFU[/td][/tr][tr][td]ޥ[/td][td]ޥ[/td][td]WAAVU[/td][/tr][tr][td]އަ[/td][td]ަ[/td][td]ABAFILI[/td][td]a[/td][td][ɐ̈][/td][/tr][tr][td]އާ[/td][td]ާ[/td][td]AABAAFILI[/td][td]aa[/td][td][əɜː][/td][/tr][tr][td]އި[/td][td]ި[/td][td]IBIFILI[/td][td]i[/td][td][ɪ][/td][/tr][tr][td]އީ[/td][td]ީ[/td][td]EEBEEFILI[/td][td]ee[/td][td][iː][/td][/tr][tr][td]އު[/td][td]ު[/td][td]UBUFILI[/td][td]u[/td][td][ə̈][/td][/tr][tr][td]އޫ[/td][td]ޫ[/td][td]OOBOOFILI[/td][td]oo[/td][td][əʉː][/td][/tr][tr][td]އެ[/td][td]ެ[/td][td]EBEFILI[/td][td]e[/td][td][əeɪ][/td][/tr][tr][td]އޭ[/td][td]ޭ[/td][td]EYBEYFILI[/td][td]ey[/td][td][eːɪ][/td][/tr][tr][td]އޮ[/td][td]ޮ[/td][td]OBOFILI[/td][td]o[/td][td][əɔ][/td][/tr][tr][td]އޯ[/td][td]ޯ[/td][td]OABOAFILI[/td][td]oa[/td][td][ɔː][/td][/tr][tr][td]އް[/td][td]ް[/td][td]SUKUN[/td][td]'[/td][td]'[/td][/tr][tr][td]ޱ[/td][td]ޱ[/td][td]NAA (最南端的阿度岛方言)[/td][td]ṇ[/td][td][ɳ][/td][/tr][/table]

Dhivehi language
                         From Wikipedia                        
[table=98%,rgb(244, 244, 244)][tr][td]Dhivehi
[/td][/tr][tr][td]Spoken in:[/td][td]Maldives; Lakshadweep (India)[/td][/tr][tr][td]Total speakers:[/td][td]300,000+[/td][/tr][tr][td]Language family:[/td][td]Indo-European

Indo-Iranian

Indo-Aryan

Insular Indo-Aryan

Dhivehi [/td][/tr][tr][td]Official status[/td][/tr][tr][td]Official language in:[/td][td]Maldives[/td][/tr][tr][td]Regulated by:[/td][td]http://www.qaumiyyath.gov.mv/[/td][/tr][tr][td]Language codes[/td][/tr][tr][td]ISO 639-1:[/td][td]dv[/td][/tr][tr][td]ISO 639-2:[/td][td]div[/td][/tr][tr][td]ISO 639-3:[/td][td]div[/td][/tr][/table]Dhivehi (or Divehi) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by more than about 300,000 people in the Republic of Maldives where it is the official language of the country and in the island of Minicoy (Maliku) in neighbouring India where it is known as Mahl. Dhivehi is closely related to Sinhala. Many languages have influenced the development of Dhivehi through the ages, most importantly Arabic. Others include Malayalam, Hindi, French, Persian, Portuguese, and English.
H. C. P. Bell was one of the first transliterators of this tongue. Bell called the language Divehi, which was consistent with Maldives, the name of the country, for the -dives of Maldives and the word Divehi have the same root which is dvīp ("island" in Sanskrit).
Wilhelm Geiger was a German linguist who undertook the first research on Divehi linguistics in the early 20th century. He called the Maldivian language Divehi, without an "h". In 1976, when a semi-official Latin transliteration was developed for the Maldive language, an "h" was added to the name of the language, but not to the name of the country. This inconsistency has yet to be resolved.
English words such as atoll (a ring of coral islands or reefs) and doni (a vessel for inter-atoll navigation) are anglicized forms of the Maldivian words Atolhu and Dhōni.

Origin
Divehi is an Indo-Aryan language closely related to the Sinhalese language of Sri Lanka. Divehi represents the southernmost Indo-Aryan language, and thus the southernmost Indo-European language. Together with Sinhala, Divehi represents a special subgroup within the Modern Indo-Aryan languages which is called Insular Indo-Aryan.
Whereas earlier it was believed that Divehi was a descendant of theSinhalese language, in 1969 Sinhalese philologist M. W. S. de Silva forthe first time proposed that Dhivehi and Sinhalese have branched offfrom a common mother language (a Prakrit).He says that “the earliest Indic element in Maldivian is not so much aresult of branching off from Sinhalese as a result of a simultaneous separation with Sinhalese from the Indic languages of the mainland of India”. S. Fritz has recently reached the same conclusion in a detailed study of the language. De Silva refers to the Dravidian influences seen in the Dhivehi language such as in the old place names. De Silva’s theory is supported by the legend of Prince Vijaya as told in the Mahavamsa because if this legend is to be believed, the migration of Indo-Aryan colonists to the Maldives and Sri Lanka from the mainland (India) must have taken place simultaneously.

Variants of the language
Due to the widespread distribution of the islands, differences in pronunciation and vocabulary have developed during the centuries. The main stream form of Divehi is known as Malé Bas and is based on the variant spoken in the capital of the country.
The most important variants of the language are to be found in the southern atolls, namely Huvadu, Fua Mulaku and Addu. Slighter variants are spoken in Haddummati and in Minicoy Island, the latter being known as Maliku Bas. Only Male Bas and Maliku Bas are used in writing. The other variants are only used in spoken speech and in popular songs and poetry.
Moloki bas, is a dialect of Dhivehi which is spoken by the people of FuvahmulahIsland. Moloki bas has Laamu sukun (ލް)which is absent from theofficial Male' dialect. This is a final 'l' without vowel sound, likethe first letter 'L' in the word 'calculator'. Another characteristic of this variant of Dhivehi is the 'o' sound at the end of words,instead of the final 'u' common in all other forms of Dhivehi. Eg.'fanno' instead of 'fannu'. Regarding pronunciation, the retroflex 'ş',which has almost a slight 'r' sound in mainstream Divehi, becomes š in Moloki bas, sounding like the Arabic letter 'sheenu'.
The letter Naviyani ޱ (different from the letter Ñaviyani), which represented the retroflex "n" sound common to many Indic languages (Sinhala, Gujarati, Hindi,etc.), was abolished from official documents in 1950 by Muhammad Amin,the ruler of Maldives. The reason why this particular letter representing a retroflex sound was abolished and not others like Lhaviyani, Daviyani or Taviyani is not known. Perhaps it was a merewhim of the charismatic Maldivian leader of those times.
Letter Naviyani's former position in the Thaana alphabet was between letters Daviyani and Zaviyani. It is still seen in reprints of traditional old books like the Bodu Tartheebu. It is also used by Addu people when writing songs or poetry in their language variant.

Levels of speech
Inherent in the Dhivehi language is a form of elaborate class distinction expressed through three levels: The first level, the enme maa goiy (known colloquially as reethi bas),is used to address members of the upper class and of royal blood, butis now more often used on national radio and TV. To show respect forelders, officials and strangers the second level, maa goy is used. People use the more informal third level aadhaige goiyin everyday life and to talk about themselves. Even a nobleman or ahigh official does not use the high level to talk about himself.
Regarding salutations, there is no direct translation of the English "hello" or "good-bye" in Dhivehi. Instead, islanders greet each other with a smile or the raising of the eyebrow and just ask "where are you going?", followed by "what for?". Goodbyes were not traditionally expressed, except in highly formal speech or in poetry (Lhen).

Dhivehi scripts
The Maldivian language has had its own script since very ancient times, most likely over two millennia, when Maldivian Buddhist monks translated and copied the Buddhist scriptures.
It used to be written in the earlier form (Evēla) of the Divehi Akuru(or Dives Akuru, "Dhivehi letters") which are written from left toright. Divehi Akuru were used in all of the islands between the conversion to Islam and until the 1700s. These ancient Maldivian letters were also used in official correspondence with Addu Atoll until the early 1900s. Perhaps they were used in some isolated islands andrural communities until the 1960s, but the last remaining native user died in the 1990s. Today Maldivians rarely learn the Divehi Akuru alphabet, for Arabic is being favoured as second script.
Divehi or Dhivehi is presently written using a different script, called Thaana or Tāna, written from right to left. This script is relatively recent.
The literacy rate of the Maldives is very high (98%) compared toother South Asian countries. Since the 1960s English has become the medium of education in most schools although they still have Dhivehi classes, but Dhivehi is still the language used for the overall administration.

Latin Transliteration of the Dhivehi language
Towards the mid 1970s, during President Ibrahim Nasir's tenure, Telex machines were introduced by the Maldivian Government in the local administration. The new telex equipment was viewed as a great progress,however the local Tāna script was deemed to be an obstacle because messages on the telex machines could only be written in the Latin script. Following this, "Dhivehi Letin", a new official Latin transliteration was swiftly approved by the Maldive government in 1976 and was quickly implemented by the administration. Booklets were printed and dispatched to all Atoll and Island Offices, as well as schools and merchant liners. This was seen by many as the effective demise of the Tānascript.
Clarence Maloney, the American anthropologist who was in the Maldives at the time of the change, lamented the inconsistencies of the "Dhivehi Letin" which ignored all previous linguistic research on the Maldivian language done by H.C.P. Bell and Wilhelm Geiger. He wondered why the modern Standard Indic transliteration had not been considered. Standard Indic is a consistent script system that is well adapted to writing practically all languages of South Asia.
The Tāna script was reinstated by the Maldivian government shortly after President Maumoon took power in 1978. There was widespread relief in certain places, especially rural areas, where the introduction of Latin had been regarded with suspicion. However, the substandard Latin transcription of 1976 continues to be widely used.

Dhivehi writing systems

The Dhivehi or Divehi writing systems are the different scripts used by Maldivians during their history. The early Maldivian scripts fell into the abugidacategory, while the relatively more recent Taana has characteristics of both an abugida and a true alphabet. An ancient form of Nagari script, as well as the Arabic and Latin alphabets have also been extensively used in the Maldives, but with a more restricted function. "Latin" was official only during a very brief period of the Islands' history.
The language of the Maldives has had its very own script since very ancient times. It is likely that the first Maldivian script appeared in association with the expansion of Buddhism throughout South Asia. This was over two millennia ago, in the Mauryan period, during emperor Ashoka's time. Manuscripts used by Maldivian Buddhist monks were probably written in a script that slowly evolved into a characteristic Maldivian form. Unfortunately none of those ancient documents have survived and presently the early forms of the Maldive script are only found etched on a few coral rocks and copper plates.

Ancient scripts (Evēla Akuru)
Ancient scripts (Evēla Akuru)
The most ancient Maldivian script

Divehi Akuru or Dhivehi Akuru (island letters) is a script formerly used to write the Divehi (or Dhivehi) language. Unlike the modern Tāna(Thaana) script, Divehi Akuru has its origins in the Brahmi script and thus was written from left to right.
The Divehi Akuru or Maldivian script was separated into two variants, namely a relatively more recent and an ancient one and christened “Dives Akuru” and "Evēla Akuru" respectively by H. C. P. Bell in the early 20th century. Bell was British, and studied Maldive epigraphy when he retired from the colonial government service in Colombo.
Bell wrote a monograph on the Archaeology, history and epigraphy of the Maldive Islands. He was the first modern scholar to study these ancient writings and he undertook an extensive and serious research on the available epigraphy. The division that Bell made based on the differences he perceived between the two variants of Divehi Scripts is indeed convenient for the study of the old Maldivian documents.
The Divehi Akuru developed from the Grantha script. The letters on old Inscriptions resemble the southern Grantha Script of the Pallava and Chola periods in South India. However, this does not mean that the Maldives were dependent from those kingdoms in the Subcontinent, for the Maldive Islands have been an independent nation practically all along their history. There has been very little interference, cultural or otherwise, from other neighboring kingdoms in South India and Sri Lanka.
The early form of this script was also called Divehi Akuru by Maldivians, but it was renamed Evēla Akuru (ancient letters) in atentative manner by H.C.P. Bell in order to distinguish it from the relatively more recent variants of the same script. This name became established and so the most ancient form of the Maldive script is now known as Evēla Akuru. This is the script that evolved at the time when the Maldives was an independent Buddhist Kingdom and it was still in use one century after the conversion to Islam.

Standard Indic (IAST). This table is provided as a reference for the position of the letters on all the tables.

The ancient form of the Divehi Akuru (Evēla) can be seen in the Lōmāfānu (copper plate grants) of the 12th and 13th centuries and in inscriptions on coral stone (hirigā) dating back from the Maldive Buddhist period. Two of the few copper plate documents that have been preserved are from Haddhunmathi Atoll.
The oldest inscription found in the Maldives to date is an inscription on a coral stone found at an archaeological site on Landhū Island in Southern Miladhunmadulhu Atoll, where there are important Buddhist archaeological remains including a large Stupa. The Landhū inscription is estimated to be from 8th century A.D. Even though long before that time Maldivian Buddhist monks had been writing and reading manuscripts in their language, older documents have not yet been discovered.
The reason why even at that time the local script was known as"Divehi Akuru" (our letters) by Maldivians was because another non-Maldivian script was used in the country. This was a Devnagari script related to Bengali and it had a kind of ceremonial value. The oldest paleographically datable inscription found in the Maldives is a Prakrit inscription of Vajrayana Buddhism dating back to the 9th or 10th century AD This inscription is written in an early form of the Nagari script. Thus the name "Divehi Akuru" was used historically by Maldivians to distinguish their own writing system from foreign scripts. Foreign scripts were learned and introduced at that time when Maldivian monks visited the Buddhist learning centres of Nalanda and Vikramashila.

Latter Divehi or "Dives Akuru"
The last version of the Maldivian script used after the Conversion to Islam

Among the Divehi (or Dhivehi) Akuru scripts, the later form of the Maldivian script was the script that evolved from the ancient Maldivian script or Evēla Akuru after the conversion of the Maldives to Islam.It was still used in some atolls in the South Maldives as the mainscript until around 70 years ago. Since then it is rarely used, noteven having a ceremonial role in scrolls of coats-of-arms or badges of government entities and associations, where Arabic is favoured.
This script can be found on gravestones, old grants in paper and wood, and in some monuments, including the stone base of the pillars supporting the main structure of the ancient Friday Mosque in Malé. British researcher H.C.P. Bell obtained an astrology book written in Divehi Akuru in Addu Atoll, in the south of Maldives, during one of his trips. This book is now kept in the National Archives of Sri Lanka in Colombo.
Apparently, the Divehi or Dhivehi script was abandoned in other parts of the Maldives in favour of the modern Tāna script about 200 years earlier, perhaps at the beginning of the 18th century. Some modern Maldivian historians want to believe that the Tāna script was introduced a few centuries before that. But the claim that the Tāna letters were devised in the 16th century is not supported by historical documents, for the oldest writing specimens in the Tāna script, interspersed with Arabic, are from the 18th century.

The modern script
Tāna (or Thaana). The contemporary official Maldivian script
Tānais the first Maldivian script written from right to left. It was inspired on numbers. It uses numerals as consonants and adds the diacritical (vowel) marks of the Arabic language.
The first Tāna manuscripts are written in a crude early version of this script called Gabulhi Thaana (incipient Thaana), where the Arabic numerals have not yet been slanted 45 degrees and still look likenumbers. Since no ancient writings in Tāna written before the 18th century have been found, it is doubtful that this new script could be much older.
The main reason why the Divehi Akuru were abandoned in favour of theTāna script was owing to the need the learned Maldivians had to include words and sentences in Arabic while writing in the Divehi language.
The most intriguing fact about the Tāna alphabet is its order (hā,shaviyani, nūnu, rā, bā, etc.). Its sequence doesn’t follow the ancient order of the other Indic scripts (like Sinhala or Tamil) or the order of the Arabic alphabet.In fact the order of the Tāna alphabet doesn’t follow any logic at all.This fact points to a likely esoteric origin of Tāna, namely to ascript that was scrambled on purpose in order to keep it secret from average islanders. At their origin the Tāna characters, which are based on Arabic numerals and other symbols, were used in fandita (local magic or sorcery) to write magical spells. Many of these arcanein cantations included Arabic quotations, which were written from rightto left. Maldivian learned men, who were all well versed in sorcery, eventually saw the advantages of writing in this simplified hidden script. Hence, with the passing of time, Tāna came out of the shadows and was gradually adopted for everyday use.
This script is currently in use as the sole Maldivian writing system. While at their origin documents written in Tāna were full ofArabic words and quotations, the tendency is now to include as little Arabic script as possible, especially since special Thaana letters withdots were introduced to replace Arabic letters. The Thaana script iswidely used nowadays by Maldivians both in official and unofficialdocuments, for the literacy rate of the Maldive society is very high bySouth Asian standards.


The enigma of letter Naviyani's disappearance
Letter Naviyani ޱ, the retroflex "n" sound common to all Indic languages (Sinhala, Bengali, Hindi,etc.), was abolished from official documents in 1950 by Muhammad Amin,the ruler of Maldives. The reason why this particular retroflex sound was abolished and not others like Lhaviyani, Daviyani or Taviyani isnot known. Perhaps it was a mere whim of the charismatic Maldivianleader of those times.
Letter Naviyani's former position in the Thaana alphabet was the nineteenth, between letters Daviyani and Zaviyani. It is still seen inreprints of traditional old books like the Bodu Tartheebu. It is alsoused by Addu people when writing songs or poetry in their language variant.

The ‘DIVEHI AKURU’ book
In 1959, during Sultan Mohammed Farid’s reign, former Prime Minister (and later President) Ibrahim Nasir expressed a wish to have a book written about the former Maldivian script which by that time was largely ignored by Maldivians. Thus, hecontacted As-Sayyid Bodufenvalhuge Sidi, an eminent Maldivian scholar, who swiftly obliged.

Cover of the "Divehi Akuru" book written by Bodufenvalhuge Sidi

By means of this small book Bodufenvalhuge Sidi (1888-1970) wanted to clearly show the fact that in ancient times Maldivians were writing from left to right in their own script. Hence ‘DIVEHI AKURU’ is perhaps the only book ever written in Tāna that opens from the left side.
As-Sayyid Bodufenvalhuge Sidi was one of the very few Maldivian people of modern times who understood the now-forgotten ancient Divehi letters in which parts of royal grants, warrants and deeds were written. He learnt this ancient script in Addu Atoll.Until early in the twentieth century, all government correspondence toand from Addu Atoll was written using these ancient Divehi letters.
The last chapter of this book shows a text where the Divehi Akuruare coming along with Arabic script. As the reader acquainted with Maldivian writing can see, this book is Volume 1 (evvana bai). Perhaps Bodufenvalhuge Sidi had the intention of publishing a second, or perhaps even a third volume on the subject. But unfortunately this important Maldivian learned man died before being able to do so.
Even though H.C.P. Bell did a very careful and thorough research on the Maldivian documents, Prime Minister Ibrahim Nasir’ sintention was to have a book on the ancient script of the Maldives written by a Maldivian. Prime Minister Nasir's request to Bodufenvalhuge Sidi was done in order to clarify H.C.P. Bell’s misinterpretations, no matter how few. A staunch Maldivian nationalist, Nasir took this issue as a matter of national pride.
Present day members of Maldivian cultural institutions are aware ofthe lacunae in Bell's research and of Bodufenvalhuge Sidi's valuable contribution to mend matters, but little has been done to correct those inaccuracies. Still, H.C.P. Bell’s broad and valuable contributions tothe study of the Maldivian language and scripts should not be understimated.

[ 本帖最后由 hongwei0315 于 2008-8-22 18:02 编辑 ]