2006年英语六级写作讲义（一）

前言

　　写作是英语各种测试中最令人头疼的部分。作为检测英语应用水平的手段，写作考查词汇、语法基本语言技能，也考查分析解决问题的逻辑思维。

　　以其实，我们现有的知识和能力，只要思路得当，方法正确，作文在现有基础上提高5分并非难事。我们需要的是优化配置自己的资源，把自己的潜能发挥到极致。最后复习阶段，在提高基础知识的同时，更重要的是提高现有知识的利用率，最大限度地提高知识运用的准确性！

　　一。写作要求

　　本部分采用提纲、情景或图表作文的考试形式。考生应按照要求写出一篇120词以上的英语短文。本部分满分为15分。考试时间为30分钟。近两年常考说明文和议论文。在给出提纲的情况下，我们完全可以写出表达意思清楚、无重大语言错误10分以上的作文。下面是对作文的一般要求：

　　1、卷面：书写工整+结构清晰

　　2、内容：

　　扣题

　　语言准确

　　句式灵活

　　词汇“亮点”

　　受汉语影响和对英语词汇语法结构掌握的不熟练，同学们经常犯一些考试中影响档次分数的错误。快速矫正方法：将相当于新概念第三册难度的汉语译文回译成英语，再对照英语原文检查自己的错误。

　　二、写作步骤

　　考试中，写作按下面几个步骤完成：

　　审题 （2分钟）

　　细化提纲（8分钟）

　　成文 （20分钟）

　　如果写字速度快，可以打草稿15分钟，5分钟誊抄。复习阶段，我们应按照步骤来练习。其实仍然有时间快速养成良好的写作习惯。如果有时间，可以快速检查最主要的语法项目，减少大的失分。（列出检查项目）。

　　全文写完后，按照要求快速检查每一句的语法。平日可进行汉译英练习。可选择新概念第三册的译文，翻译成英语（无需理会生僻的人名、地名等专有名词），然后对照英语原文检查自己的翻译是否正确。考试之前争取写三篇作文，限定时间30分钟，至少写3篇文章，以近年真题为佳。

三、英语写作高分要注意的几种情况

    （一）避免低级错误，提高语言表达的准确性

    1、词汇问题

    1）搭配错误

    Low price而不是cheap price.

    Price has been more and more cheap. Prices has been declining.

    2) 虚假同义词问题

    有很多英语单词被当作同义词来处理，如economical, economic, financial, economics等。实际上这些同义词并非真正意义上的同义词。只因为汉语解释非常笼统，造成汉语词汇重复。语义的区别没有体现出来，才造成误用。

    下面都是中国学生在作文中最常用并出错最多的“同义词”。

    rise, raise, arise

    effect, affect, influence

    maybe, may

    病句：

    As college students, we have to learn/study knowledge. [acquire]

    The prices raised when the harvest was poor. [rose]

    He cost $2000 to buy the new computer. [He spent $2000 on the …或The new computer cost him $2000.]

    I won't take you much time.

    Because of economic difficulty, he had to drop out.

    3) 分词的混乱。

    动词ing与过去分词作形容词时常混用。Exciting, excited; satisfied, satisfying;

    The good news made all of us very exciting.

    4) 关于“有”的表达，误用较多。

    There are many people think …

    2、时态错误、混乱

    I did not expect he will come.

    3、句子结构错乱，最常见的是不使用连接词，直接用逗号连接两句话。影响档次分!

    There is no doubt that western culture is the leading one, it has changed the world deeply.

    4、一致性，尤其是主谓一致。

    The issue have become more and more serious.

    5、比较级错误

    常见错误：more better.

    The society is changing more and more faster…

    Problems have been more and more. 问题越来越多。

    6、大小写错误

    一般来说，每一句的首字母应该大写，人名地名等专有名词的首字母大写。

    china is still a developing country.

    it is well-known that…

    7、拼写错误 此类错误相当普遍，而且习惯一旦养成，较难改掉。下面是几个经常容易搞混淆或拼错的单词，课下多写几遍。

    environment（环境，容易写成enviroment）,

    government（政府，容易误拼成goverment）,

    modern（现代的，容易拼成morden）

    （二）、常见错误对照分析

    请大家检查对照，自己是否犯过此类错误，写下正确表达形式。

    1．Since…, people's life level is improving fast. (living standard)

    2．He told me he wanted to contact me when I was convenient, but I was cheated. (available)

    3. This issue is very serious, and people are very dangerous. (in great danger)

    4. After this incident, I was very painful and did not want to go to school. (upset)

    5. My hometown must become very beautiful in the future.

    6. A man who is too proud must not take other people's advice.

    Must表示推测的用法：

    Must be +形容词

    Must be+现在分词

    Must have+过去分词（对过去的推测）

    绝对不是must+实义动词！

    7. Only when you insist on working hard, can you realize your ideal. (keep)

    8. I was very angry that she doubted that I cheated in her exam. (suspected)

    9. Especially, science and technology are highly important and emphasized. (In particular)

    10. This certainly effects the people's lives; they can choose any kind if they want. (affect)

    11. It seemed that no one who can cause my attention. (attract/capture)

    12. It (maths problem) was that hard that (it) spent him a whole night. (took)

    13. The old man appreciated him very much. (liked)

    14. When we touch the other people in the society, … (are in contact with)

    15. I disagree the opinion “leaning about the past has no … in the present”. (disagree with)

    16. When we meet difficulties, we must face them calmly. (meet with)

    17. In modern society, people's nervous work often makes them too tired. (stressful)

    18 In big cities, there is always crowded traffic, while in the countryside… (heavy/congested)

    19. I think it is very right to say pride leads to failure. (quite)

    20. The short of exercises makes me can not work well enough. (prevent …from)

    21. You may be like this position.

    （三）正确使用关联词

    顺序: to begin with, moreover, last but not the least; 【用于列举多个方面的原因】

    举例：take…as an example, for instance, such as, that is, in other words

    强调：especially【绝对不可以用于主句句首!!!】, particularly, by all means, in particular

    比较：likewise, similarly 【表示类似的东西，用于句首】

    对比：by striking contrast【用于句首】

    让步：For all【后面只能紧跟名词性结构】；however+形容词/副词

    For all the advantages mentioned above, XXX is not without its limitations.

    However grave the situation may be, …

    原因：now that, since, because of, for this reason, as, due to, owing to, thanks to【常表示积极原因】

    结果：therefore, accordingly, hence, thus,【前面这几个单词只能做副词，不能单独直接连接两个句子】连词so可以。

    总结：to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, in summary, as has been mentioned above

    递进：in addition, furthermore, moreover, what's more 【需要单独引起一句话】

    时间：afterwards, at length, meanwhile, 【单独引起一句话】

    例子： For all the advantages mentioned above, 【让步】【承上】Internet is by no means without its limitations【启下】. To begin with, 【举例】we cannot always tell whether or not the information it provides is true. We may be misled by wrong information and make wrong judgments or conclusions. Moreover, we may find too much information on the same topic and to pick out what we need will take us much time…Last but not least, there are quite many viruses in the Internet, which may cause great damages to our computer.

    In conclusion, we college students need to use the Internet properly for our studies and entertainment….

    （四）句式要灵活

    改变句子的开头方式，不要都千篇一律的主谓宾或主系表结构。可以把状语置于句首，或用分词作状语等。然后注意适当穿插下面的几种句式会使整个文章增色很多。

    1）定语从句（限定性和非限定性）

    Example 1: To the best of my knowledge, there are many reasons why SMS is so popular nowadays.

    Example 2: The public have noticed and been worried about this new trend, which has generated a variety of negative effects on the young people.

    2）分词短语状语

    The use of cell phone makes the world more like a global village, giving us the opportunity to stay in touch at any time and at any place.

    3）强调句

    It is this severe issue that brought about the heated discussion among the public.

    4）倒装句

    Only by enforcing these measures can we hope to solve the problem eventually.

    5）反问

    Shouldn't we take effective measures to curb this situation?

    6）插入成分[介词短语]

    It is sensible, by any means, for us to make scientific analysis.

    It is necessary, therefore, to use the resources appropriately.

    （五）使用必要模板，要看清作文要求，切忌胡乱照搬

    1）开头段常用句型

    Along with the advance of the society, there is a growing concern with the problem of …

    In the past few years, there is an increasing popularity among people with…Take…as an example….

    Recently the phenomenon has aroused in the society wide concern.

    2）中间段常用句型

    Although the popular belief is that …, a recent study (survey / poll / investigation) indicates that ….

    The increase/change in … largely / partly results/arises from….

    The increase in … is largely due to the fact that ….

    There are a variety of causes for this marked change / decline / increase或其它表示变化的名词

    3）结尾段常用句型

    From what has been discussed above, we may safely arrive at the conclusion that ….

    It is high time that we placed considerable emphasis on the improvement/development of ….

    However hard it might be, I do believe there will always be a way out, as long as we are determined to change the present situation.

    （六）避免使用低级词汇，尽量使用中高级词汇（主要是形容词和形容词）

    Good resultsàfavorable results

    Bad effectsànegative effects

    Big changesàgreat changes;

    (Data )show thatàindicate; demonstrate

    Importantàsignificant; crucial; vital

    More and more (problems等名词)àan increasing number of (problems)

    More and more (important等形容词或副词)à increasingly (important)

    All kinds of à a variety of

    Manyà a number of

    Deal withà tackle

    Possibleàlikely (可用人或讨论的问题做主语)

四、各类作文基本模版

    模版不能简单照搬！一定要根据实际考题有所调整！

    （一）图表、图画式作文

    注意事项：图表题通常要涉及到数字、数据问题，在表达不同阶段数字时，句式不要重复。

    As is illustrated by the figure/percentage in the table（graph/pie/chart）,___【话题】_____ has been on rise/decrease，dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from__[数字]____ in _[时间]____ to __[数字]____ in [时间]____. Judging from the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, we may conclude that ________.

    At least three sound reasons can be identified to account for ______. In the first place,________. In the second place, _______ can be attributed to the fact that ________. In addition,________ is also responsible for _______.

    From all those reasons given above, we can predict that the trend will continue for long, if no effective measures are taken. Therefore, it is crucial that__[政府等职能部门]____take every effort to _______.

    图表例题：

    Employment Problem of College Graduates

    Year

    2002

    2003(Estimated)

    2004(Estimated)

    Number of Unemployed Graduates

    380,000

    420,000

    500,000

    1、描写2002年到2004年找不到工作的大学毕业生的人数变化；

    2、分析原因（高校扩招使毕业生供给大于需求，很多毕业生只愿留在大城市，毕业生的专业不适合社会需要等）

    3、给出解决问题的办法。

    As is demonstrated in the table,

    Several factors can be identified to account for this phenomenon/problem. In the first place, … In the second place, …The last but not the least,…

    Serious as the problem appears, we can still come up with practical measures to tackle it. Firstly, the government can …On the part of graduates, they should adjust their attitudes towards______.

    （二）提纲式作文

    1、对立观点

    A．有人认为X 是好事，赞成X， 原因？

    B．有人认为X 是坏事，反对X，原因？

    C．我的看法。

    Some people are in favor of X. According to them, [第一原因]___。They also maintain that___ [另一原因]___。By striking contrast, some others stand on a different ground. They argue that X is ___[harmful]___. Meanwhile, they point out that____[第一反对理由____ ] For instance, ___[举例]___.

    There is some truth in both arguments. But I think the advantages of X overweigh its disadvantages. In addition to the above-mentioned negative effects it might bring about, X also may [X 的有一个坏处]。What we should do is to make use of the favorable effects and manage to avoid the negative effects.

    2． 批驳观点

    A．提出一个观点。

    B．我不同意该观点。

    Some people argue that (错误观点)。By saying that, they mean （对观点进一步解释）。An example they have presented is that （一个例子）.

    There might be some truth in their belief. However, if we explore this in depth, we can conclude that (与错误观点相反的观点). A number of reasons can be identified as the proof of my belief. (以下参照辩论文的议论文写法)。

    3． 社会问题（现象）类

    A．一个社会问题或者现象。(现象本身的描述+对社会的影响)

    B．产生的原因

    C．解决方法。（如果是问题的话）

    Recently, there has been a growing concern among the public over (XXX).【引出现象/问题】(下面写现象的表现以及对社会的影响。)

    There are a couple of reasons accounting for this problem/phenomenon. (下面参照辩论式议论文的写法。)

    X has generated substantial impact on the society and our social life, to be illustrated in the following aspects. (参照辩论式议论文的写法)。

    A dozen of measures are supposed to take to prevent X from doing more harm. [注意多种结尾方式](参照辩论式议论文的写法)

    4．利弊型议论文

    Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over （the issue that）___作文题目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly,___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.

    However, __[Topic]____is without its own limitations and therefore have negative aspects. To begin with,___缺点一______. In addition, ____缺点二______.

    To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____topic___.

五、写作练习 （Writing Exercises）

    （一）句型练习

    练习目的，一是通过这些句子来提高语言尤其是的准确性，二是可以将这些句子作为素材应用到多种题材(topic)的文章中。

    1. 没有人能否人这一事实：教育是人生最重要的一方面。

    2. 人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论。

    3. 依照最近的一项调查，每年有4,000,000人死于与吸烟相关的疾病。

    4. 最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

    5. 没有一项发明像互联网那样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

    6. 人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。(take into account sth. )

    7. 许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。(contribute to)

    8.考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效的措施。

    9. 应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。(enforce)

    10、随着科学技术的发展，越来越多的工作被计算机来完成，而在以前，这些都是人自己来做的。

    11、尽管手机短信好处很多，但它们也并非没有弊端。

    12、这一现象给年轻人产生了不良的的影响。(generate negative effects on)

    13、我很抱歉不能接受这份工作。（decline, job offer）

    （二）范文讲解

    Directions: In this section you are required to write a composition on the topic “Reduce Waste on Campus”. You should write at least 150 words and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:

    1．目前有些校园内浪费现象严重；

    2．浪费的危害；

    3．从我做起，杜绝浪费。

    练习重点，掌握基本要领，并在准确表达的基础上打造更高级的绝对高分作文。

    Reduce Waste on Campus

    As is known to all, waste on campus has become a more and more serious problem. We can easily see many students dump a lot of food in the garbage can. Some students spend thousands of yuan buying fashionable clothes and so on.

    The negative effects of waste can be shown in the following aspects. In the first place, it makes some students dependent on their parents for money, which is harmful to their development. If they don't learn to support themselves, they will be “useless people” when they graduate. In the second place, it is not easy for our parents to arrange for our schooling.

    Last but not the least important, there is no denying the fact that our country is still poor. There are many people who cannot go to university and many poor people still need our help. As far as I am concerned, I should set a good example to reduce waste on campus.

    First of all, I will refrain from wasting anything, from food to stationery. What's more, I'm determined to call on more schoolmates to fight against waste. Only through these measures can we hope to reduce waste on campus.

    （三）综合练习

    课上练习细化提纲，课下完成全文。作文email至learn2win@sina.com，请留下电话，否则无法回复。

    练习1

    Directions: You are to write in no less than 120 words about the topic “Mobile Phone Short Messages.” Your composition should be based on the Chinese outline given below.

    1. 近几年手机短信很流行，有很多优点（便宜、方便等）。

    2. 手机短信也存在很多问题。

    3. 你的看法和结论。

    Mobile Phone Short Messages

    练习2

    Directions: You are to write in no less than 120 words about the topic “Be a Civilized Internet User.”Your composition should be based on the Chinese outline given below.

    1. 网络的流行带来了很多问题，比如在网络上使用不文明语言等等。

    2. 文明上网的意义是什么。

    3. 你的看法是什么。

    Be a Civilized Internet User

    练习3

    Directions：You are to write in no less than 120 words about the topic “Do we need a shopping center in the neighborhood?” Your composition should be based on the Chinese outline given below.

    1. 市里要在你家住的这个街区新建一个购物中心，你的意见(同意或反对)?

    2. 同意或反对的理由。

    3. 结论。

    Do we need a shopping center in the neighborhood?

    练习4

    Directions: You are to write in no less than 120 words about the title “Lifelong Learning”。You should base your composition on the Chinese outline given below：

    1.终身学习对每个人的重要性。

    2.终身学习的方式有多种…

    3.你认为你应该采取哪种方式,为什么？

    Lifelong Learning

    练习5

    In this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled “Say No to Pirated Products.”

    1. 目前盗版的现象比较严重

    2. 造成这种现象的原因及危害

    3. 我们应该怎么做？

    盗版 piracy (n.) 盗版产品 pirated products 知识产权 intellectual property rights 侵犯版权 infringe sb's copyright; copyright infringement

改写作文

    改正其中的错误，并改造部分句子，使用灵活句式。

    Fake Commodities

    In recent years, a lot of fake commodities have appeared in the market. These fake commodities have done great harm to the consumers and the society.

    Since the policy of reform was adopted, China 's economic have improved. A lot of people getting richer, and their living conditions are getting better. But still some of them are not satisfied. They dream of getting rich overnight and living a heavenly life, which, of course, is impossible to achieve by fair means. So they risk breaking the law to produce the market fake commodities.

    Once these fake commodities enter the market, they will do immeasurable harm to the society. The direct victims are the consumers. As the quality of the fake commodities is always very poor, the consumers may suffer great losses. Certain fake commodities, such as food and medicine, will cause irreparable harm to the health and well-being of the consumers. Fake commodities also cut into the profits of the brand-name-owners. Since the fake ones are cheaper, people tend to be reluctant to buy the genuine ones.

    [SMS]

    In recent years, mobile phone play a important role in people's life. Besides calling other people, the short message become the chief way of connect with others.

    Short message be used to delivery the massage and affection.It is very convenient and stupid.When you process the short message, you will not feel any uncomfortable, like strain, in your heart. And this is a good way of economical money. But there are some problems to use short message. In instance, some advertisement always bore you when you sleep or in class or any other time. Furthermore, you may receive some strange massage that you don't know who send it.

    As far as I am concerned, short message is a very useful way to connect with others. You can send a short message if you don't want or don't know how to say. Such as apology why not we use this way to turn our life harmony?

    The Use of Internet on Campus

    Nowadays, internet has play an important role in people's life. We can use the internet to do lots of things. Such as find message, send or receive E-mail, play games and so on. It is accelerate colorful of our life.

    Although internet have so many usages. A disccusion start that should the internet be used in freedom. Different people have different words. Some people said that internet should not open for student freedom. On one hand, they haven't adequate tine for study if they play game for a long time. On the other hand, it is harmful for vision and healthy if student seat in front of the computer. Other people don't agree with them for the reason that use the computer freedom is student's right.

    As far as I am concerned, internet have more advantage than shortage. Why not we use its advantage to turn our life convenient? I think, it is better to open the internet at given time.

    Recruitment Letter

    Dear all,

    Thank you for concerning about association of Chinese culture for this years. Now, we recruiting new person to work for our association.

    Association of Chinese culture have ten years history .It plays an important role of introduce and promtive Chinese culture. Association always have activities, such as travel, campain of introduction, work without payment for the well-know place.

    Following is our request:

    1,Man,170 centimetres high;woman,160 centimetres high;

    2,Outsdanding ability of communication;

    3,Warm heart(you should glad to help others if they need).

    If you interested in our association plaease call 010-99999999 or E-mail. Welcome to join us.

    句子表达练习答案

    1. No one can deny the fact that a person's education is the most significant aspect of his life.

    2. People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer.

    3. According to a recent survey, four-million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.

    4. The latest surveys show that quiet a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.

    5. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.

    6. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.

    7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a person's physical fitness.

    8. In view of the seriousness of this problem，effective measures should be taken before things get worse.

    9. Proper measures must be enforced to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.

    10. With the development of science and technology, more and more work is done by computers, while in the past this was done by human beings.

    11. For all the advantages of SMS, they are not without any disadvantages.

    12. (Unfortunately,) this phenomenon has generated negative effects on the youngsters.

    13. I'm very sorry to decline this job offer.